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Understanding the difference between decimal (SI) and binary (IEC) units is crucial for data accuracy. Manufacturers often use decimal units (e.g., 1 KB = 1000 Bytes), while operating systems like Windows typically use binary units (e.g., 1 KiB = 1024 Bytes). This discrepancy is why a "1 TB" hard drive shows up as approximately 931 GiB in your system.
Transfer time depends on file size and network bandwidth. However, real-world speeds are rarely constant. Latency, packet loss, and protocol overhead (TCP/IP) typically consume 5-10% of your total bandwidth. Our calculator includes an overhead slider to provide more realistic time estimates.
Generating a checksum (like MD5 or SHA-256) confirms that a file hasn't been corrupted or tampered with. Most online hash tools require you to upload your file to their servers. KaruviLab performs all hashing locally on your device, ensuring your private documents and sensitive data never leave your browser.
MB (Megabyte) is a decimal unit (10^6 bytes), while MiB (Mebibyte) is a binary unit (2^20 bytes). A Megabyte is exactly 1,000,000 bytes, whereas a Mebibyte is 1,048,576 bytes.
To calculate download time, divide the file size (in bits) by the connection speed (in bits per second). For example, a 1 GB file is 8 billion bits. On a 100 Mbps connection, it would take roughly 80 seconds, plus overhead.
Yes. KaruviLab uses the Zero-Upload philosophy. Files selected for hashing are processed by your browser's local Web Worker. We do not have servers that store or even see your file content.
SHA-256 is currently considered the industry standard for security. MD5 and SHA-1 are faster but are no longer recommended for cryptographic security as they are vulnerable to collision attacks, though they are still useful for simple error-checking.